6 by: Georgia Dawson
Student: Georgia Bouchard Dawson
Enzyme: Adenylate Cyclase
E.C. Number: 4.6.1.1
Where is the enzyme found? Mammalian adenylate cyclase is found in the plasma membrane of various cell types.( Yan, S.-Z., & Tang, W.-J., 2002) It is stimulated when extracellular signals like hormones and neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the cell’s surface. ( Steer, M. L.,1975)
What does the enzyme do? Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP and pyrophosphate. ( Yan, S.-Z., & Tang, W.-J., 2002) When hormones or neurotransmitters bind to G protein receptors, the G proteins are activated, which activates adenylate cyclase.(Steer, M. L.,1975) This triggers the catalyzation of the reaction which removes two phosphate groups from ATP and creates a bond between the 3’ alkoxide and the remaining phosphate group creating cyclic AMP. (Hurley, J. H.,1999) Cyclic AMP is then released from the membrane and acts as a second messenger, travelling through the cell regulating various cellular processes and delivering the original message of the hormone or neurotransmitter. (Goodsell, D. S., 2020)
Interesting facts and important information – There are multiple forms of adenylate cyclase, mammalian and plant as well as soluble and membrane-bound. (Yan, S.-Z., & Tang, W.-J.,2002) Reproductive organs contain both soluble and membrane-bound forms of adenylate cyclase. (Yan, S.-Z., & Tang, W.-J.,2002)
References
Dunn, J., & Grider, M. H. (2024). Physiology, Adenosine Triphosphate. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553175/
Erzurumlu, R. S. (2008). Development of the Somatosensory Cortex and Patterning of Afferent Projections. In The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference (pp. 171–182). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370880-9.00351-0
Goodsell, D. S. (2020). Adenylyl Cyclase. RCSB Protein Data Bank. https://doi.org/10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2020_11
Hurley, J. H. (1999). Structure, Mechanism, and Regulation of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274(12), 7599–7602. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.12.7599
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024). PubChem Enzyme Summary for Enzyme 4.6.1.1, Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1). Retrieved October 17, 2024 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/EC:4.6.1.1.
Steer, M. L. (1975). Adenyl Cyclase: Annals of Surgery, 182(5), 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-197511000-00012
Weir, C. J. (2007). Ion channels, receptors, agonists and antagonists. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 8(10), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2007.08.013
Yan, S.-Z., & Tang, W.-J. (2002). Construction of Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase from Human Membrane-Bound Type 7 Adenylyl Cyclase. In Methods in Enzymology (Vol. 345, pp. 231–241). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(02)45019-7
