85 by: Elissa Ony
Student: Elissa Ony
Name of Enzyme: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
E.C. Number: 3.4.15.1
Where is the enzyme found? The enzyme ACE is found in all vertebrates. ACE is expressed in many organs and tissues due to its role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It is found in the bloodstream mainly in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, but it is also expressed in kidney cells, bladder cells, the liver, and male and
female reproductive organs (UniProt).
What does the enzyme do? Angiotensin I converting enzyme is a type I integral membrane protein with two catalytic zinc binding sites involved in the RAAS (UniProt). The RAAS is
responsible for regulating blood pressure. In the system, ACE is responsible for converting angiotensin I, an inactive hormone peptide chain with ten amino acids, into angiotensin II, an eight amino acid peptide chain responsible for increasing blood pressure through vasoconstriction and inflammation. Although it is a less favorable reaction, in the absence of angiotensin I ACE can convert angiotensin-(1-9) into angiotensin-(1-7) which can then bind to MAS receptors to promote vasodilation and anti inflammation (Ni et al. 2020).
Interesting facts? An enzyme, ACE2 works very closely with ACE in the RAAS to regulate blood pressure. ACE2 can also act as a receptor for pathogens including the spike glycoprotein on SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). The expression of ACE2 in various organs makes it possible for the virus to spread throughout the body through the bloodstream. This can result in multiple organ injury and explain why COVID-19 symptoms such as respiratory complications, muscle aches, and brain fog varied so widely depending on the patient (Ni et al. 2020).
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